20.500.12556/RUL-156219 Deep Face Decoder towards understanding the embedding space of convolutional networks through visual reconstruction of deep face templates Advances in deep learning and convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have driven remarkable face recognition (FR) progress recently. However, the black-box nature of modern ConvNet-based face recognition models makes it challenging to interpret their decision-making process, to understand the reasoning behind specific success and failure cases, or to predict their responses to unseen data characteristics. It is, therefore, critical to design mechanisms that explain the inner workings of contemporary FR models and offer insight into their behavior. To address this challenge, we present in this paper a novel template-inversion approach capable of reconstructing high-fidelity face images from the embeddings (templates, feature-space representations) produced by modern FR techniques. Our approach is based on a novel Deep Face Decoder (DFD) trained in a regression setting to visualize the information encoded in the embedding space with the goal of fostering explainability. We utilize the developed DFD model in comprehensive experiments on multiple unconstrained face datasets, namely Visual Geometry Group Face dataset 2 (VGGFace2), Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW), and Celebrity Faces Attributes Dataset High Quality (CelebA-HQ). Our analysis focuses on the embedding spaces of two distinct face recognition models with backbones based on the Visual Geometry Group 16-layer model (VGG-16) and the 50-layer Residual Network (ResNet-50). The results reveal how information is encoded in the two considered models and how perturbations in image appearance due to rotations, translations, scaling, occlusion, or adversarial attacks, are propagated into the embedding space. Our study offers researchers a deeper comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of ConvNet-based FR models, ultimately promoting advancements in model design and explainability. deep face templates template inversion face recognition deep learning explainability interpretability globoke obrazne predloge inverzija predlog prepoznavanje obrazov globoko učenje razložljivost interpretabilnost true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2024-05-14 15:16:55 2024-05-14 15:16:56 2024-05-15 03:45:24 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 0 20 str. Vol. 132, art. 107941 Jun. 2024 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 004.93 1873-6769 10.1016/j.engappai.2024.107941 184095491 1-s2.0-S095219762400099X-main.pdf 1-s2.0-S095219762400099X-main.pdf 1 06824F9A044039547890B396A6E81DDE cff435ba44184f5765bcfe18a5ca32026f914fc46a0f4803ad22eb2ea0d4a620 7edd46da-11f4-11ef-a487-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=183565 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095219762400099X 1 3b663f86-11f4-11ef-a487-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=183564 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko 0 0 0