20.500.12556/RUL-153309 Chlorination of UV filters with antioxidant shield in swimming pool waters – products identification and toxicity assessment This work summarizes our research on synthesis, characterization and toxicity of selected UV-A filters and their antioxidant shield in commercial formulation – resveratrol. Benzophenone type of UV filters react under disinfection conditions with chlorine and form different mono- and dichlorinated products, while dibenzoylmethane derivatives, such as avobenzone, react with chlorine and form two main bridge chlorinated products followed by numerous chlorinated species at the advanced stages of the process. Resveratrol showed three main susceptible centers to chlorination, starting from the electrophilic addition to the double bond and continuing with the chlorination of the phenolic moieties. Several experiments conducted under different disinfection conditions (pool/sea water, addition of salts, irradiation) showed basically similar chlorination patterns with some variations in terms of product formation. The results of toxicity assessment using different test organisms (Vibrio fischeri, microalgae, daphnids) have shown different sensitivity of testing organisms to the parent UV filters in comparison with chlorinated products as well as different toxicity for specific UV filter in comparison to the others. As the closing loop of all experiments in the laboratory, an up-scaling to the real human skin is presented. Članek povzema raziskave naše skupine o sintezi, karakterizaciji in toksičnosti izbranih UV-A filtrov in ter vlogo antioksidanta resveratrola kot dodatka v kremah za zaščito pred soncem. UV filtri benzofenonskega tipa reagirajo pod dezinfekcijskimi pogoji s klorom, pri čemer se tvorijo mono- in diklorirani produkti. Derivati dibenzoilmetana, kot je avobenzon, pa reagirajo s klorom tako, da najprej reagira metilenska skupina avobenzona, pri čemer se tvorita dva glavna klorirana produkta, v nadaljevanju procesa pa sledi nastanek številnih kloriranih produktov. Resveratrol vsebuje tri skupine, na katerih poteče kloriranje, začenši z elektrofilno adicijo na dvojno vez ter s kloriranjem fenolnih delov. Več poskusov, izvedenih v različnih pogojih dezinfekcije (bazen/morska voda, dodajanje soli, obsevanje s svetlobo), je pokazalo podobne vzorce kloriranja z razlikami pri številu in tipu produktov. Rezultati ugotavljanja toksičnosti z uporabo različnih testnih organizmov (Vibrio fischeri, mikroalge, vodne bolhe) so pokazali različno občutljivost testnih organizmov na osnovne UV filtre v primerjavi s kloriranimi produkti ter različno toksičnost posameznih UV filtrov. Nadgradnjo vseh laboratorijskih poskusov predstavlja študija izpostavljenosti pogojem kloriranja in obsevanja, ki je bila izvedena na človeški koži. UV filters chlorination disinfection by-products toxicity UV filtri kloriranje stranski produkti dezinfekcije strupenost true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2023-12-21 12:25:09 2023-12-21 12:25:10 2024-12-19 13:54:53 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2023 0 0 Str. 601-610 no. 4 Vol. 70 2023 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 543:628.166.094.413 1580-3155 10.17344/acsi.2023.8411 178436099 13+FA+8411-08-24-23.pdf 13+FA+8411-08-24-23.pdf 1 E5AEFD34C4843B914A79FB3AE84AFE34 f118a9c16f2533dbcc3b1a74b7ae02d32fdcd6b099863dbe723385a3ec49955e 1ee69345-9ff4-11ee-a263-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=179237 https://acsi-journal.eu/index.php/ACSi/article/view/8411 1 9a6b40ac-9ff3-11ee-a263-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=179236 Zdravstvena fakulteta 0 0 0