20.500.12556/RUL-146466 Low-cost dual-frequency GNSS receivers and antennas for surveying in urban areas Low-cost dual-frequency global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have recently been tested in various positioning applications. Considering that these sensors can now provide high positioning accuracy at a lower cost, they can be considered an alternative to high-quality geodetic GNSS devices. The main objectives of this work were to analyze the differences between geodetic and low-cost calibrated antennas on the quality of observations from low-cost GNSS receivers and to evaluate the performance of low-cost GNSS devices in urban areas. In this study, a simple RTK2B V1 board u-blox ZED-F9P (Thalwil, Switzerland) was tested in combination with a low-cost calibrated and geodetic antenna in open-sky and adverse conditions in urban areas, while a high-quality geodetic GNSS device was used as a reference for comparison. The results of the observation quality check show that low-cost GNSS instruments have a lower carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0 ) than geodetic instruments, especially in the urban areas where the difference is larger and in favor of the geodetic GNSS instruments. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the multipath error in the open sky is twice as high for low-cost as for geodetic instruments, while this difference is up to four times greater in urban areas. The use of a geodetic GNSS antenna does not show a significant improvement in the C/N0 and multipath of low-cost GNSS receivers. However, the ambiguity fix ratio is larger when geodetic antennas are used, with a difference of 1.5% and 18.4% for the open-sky and urban conditions, respectively. It should be noted that float solutions may become more evident when low-cost equipment is used, especially for short sessions and in urban areas with more multipath. In relative positioning mode, low-cost GNSS devices were able to provide horizontal accuracy lower than 10 mm in urban areas in 85% of sessions, while the vertical and spatial accuracy was lower than 15 mm in 82.5% and 77.5% of the sessions, respectively. In the open sky, low-cost GNSS receivers achieve a horizontal, vertical, and spatial accuracy of 5 mm for all sessions considered. In RTK mode, positioning accuracy varies between 10–30 mm in the open-sky and urban areas, while better performance is demonstrated for the former. geodesy GNSS surveying low-cost receivers low-cost antennas geodezija GNSS geodetsko merjenje nizkocenovni sprejemniki nizkocenovne antene true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2023-06-02 09:30:08 2023-06-02 09:30:14 2023-06-15 11:19:34 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2023 0 0 19 str. iss. 5, art. 2861 Vol. 23 2023 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 528 1424-8220 10.3390/s23052861 144812547 sensors-23-02861-v2.pdf sensors-23-02861-v2.pdf 1 2AA20D719093516B89C8DA06EC244C43 805face75e3e74f139de39d4b6c0457c3c7dc6fe6bda9202de1f6706403a29e8 1d8bc1ed-0117-11ee-a314-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=169665 https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2861 1 01945e63-0117-11ee-a314-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=169664 Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo 0 0 0