20.500.12556/RUL-142153 Protective role of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins against age-related oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus The accumulation of oxidative damage to DNA and other biomolecules plays an important role in the etiology of aging and age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is especially sensitive to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the accumulation of mtDNA damage impairs normal cellular function and leads to a bioenergetic crisis that accelerates aging and associated diseases. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction decreases ATP production, which directly affects insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and triggers the gradual development of the chronic metabolic dysfunction that characterizes T2D. At the same time, decreased glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle due to mitochondrial damage leads to prolonged postprandial blood glucose rise, which further worsens glucose homeostasis. ROS are not only highly reactive by-products of mitochondrial respiration capable of oxidizing DNA, proteins, and lipids but can also function as signaling and effector molecules in cell membranes mediating signal transduction and inflammation. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of various tissues can be activated by ROS to protect cells from mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial UCPs facilitate the reflux of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the matrix, thereby dissipating the proton gradient required for oxidative phosphorylation. There are five known isoforms (UCP1-UCP5) of mitochondrial UCPs. UCP1 can indirectly reduce ROS formation by increasing glutathione levels, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. In contrast, UCP2 and UCP3 regulate fatty acid metabolism and insulin secretion by beta cells and modulate insulin sensitivity. Understanding the functions of UCPs may play a critical role in developing pharmacological strategies to combat T2D. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the protective role of various UCP homologs against age-related oxidative stress in T2D. uncoupling proteins reactive oxygen species aging age-related diseases diabetes medicina diabetes staranje oksidativni stres genetika poškodbe DNA mitohondrijski DNA true false false Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2022-10-21 13:07:43 2022-10-21 13:07:43 2022-10-22 03:57:55 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2022 0 0 21 str. art. 1473 no. 8 2022 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 616:575 2076-3921 10.3390/antiox11081473 118383363 antioxidants-11-01473.pdf antioxidants-11-01473.pdf 1 C06138DEE0EDE7E27358D4CDD49D87AC 0919c2c57298fd06291ea43e08b431f6b7090d60274b662db941e912574a299d 72e73af8-5131-11ed-9c94-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=163434 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1473 1 86e323b0-5130-11ed-9c94-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=163433 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0