20.500.12556/RUL-135238 The importance of objective stool classificaton in fecal 1H-NMR metabolomics exponential increase in stool crosslinking is mirrored in systemic inflammation and associated to fecal acetate and methionine Past studies strongly connected stool consistency—as measured by Bristol Stool Scale (BSS)—with microbial gene richness and intestinal inflammation, colonic transit time and metabolome characteristics that are of clinical relevance in numerous gastro intestinal conditions. While retention time, defecation rate, BSS but not water activity have been shown to account for BSS-associated inflammatory effects, the potential correlation with the strength of a gel in the context of intestinal forces, abrasion, mucus imprinting, fecal pore clogging remains unexplored as a shaping factor for intestinal inflammation and has yet to be determined. Our study introduced a minimal pressure approach (MP) by probe indentation as measure of stool material crosslinking in fecal samples. Results reported here were obtained from 170 samples collected in two independent projects, including males and females, covering a wide span of moisture contents and BSS. MP values increased exponentially with increasing consistency (i.e., lower BSS) and enabled stratification of samples exhibiting mixed BSS classes. A trade-off between lowest MP and highest dry matter content delineated the span of intermediate healthy density of gel crosslinks. The crossectional transects identified fecal surface layers with exceptionally high MP and of <5 mm thickness followed by internal structures with an order of magnitude lower MP, characteristic of healthy stool consistency. The MP and BSS values reported in this study were coupled to reanalysis of the PlanHab data and fecal 1H-NMR metabolomes reported before. The exponential association between stool consistency and MP determined in this study was mirrored in the elevated intestinal and also systemic inflammation and other detrimental physiological deconditioning effects observed in the PlanHab participants reported before. The MP approach described in this study can be used to better understand fecal hardness and its relationships to human health as it provides a simple, fine scale and objective stool classification approach for the characterization of the exact sampling locations in future microbiome and metabolome studies. feces stool classification Bristol stool scale BSS JADBIO gel network intestinal abrasion mikrobiologija humano blato klasifikacija metabolomika true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2022-03-02 10:39:32 2022-03-02 10:39:33 2022-09-14 04:12:21 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2021 0 0 16 str. iss. 3, art. 172 Vol. 11 2021 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 579 2218-1989 10.3390/metabo11030172 58125315 RAZ_Deutsch_Leon_2021.pdf RAZ_Deutsch_Leon_2021.pdf 1 137DB8D69D16FD4BF1D5A0B823856F72 bfc29b8d2570fa2364a91e33cb6289a4d8d400c2d6d1286d6fc28f3dea30e68d b363bfbd-9a0c-11ec-abdb-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=154181 https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/3/172 1 66af9b48-9a0c-11ec-abdb-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=154180 Biotehniška fakulteta Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo 0 0 0