20.500.12556/RUL-134469 Proposing urothelial and muscle in vitro cell models as a novel approach for assessment of long-term toxicity of nanoparticles Many studies evaluated the short-term in vitro toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs); however, long-term effects are still not adequately understood. Here, we investigated the potential toxic effects of biomedical (polyacrylic acid and polyethylenimine coated magnetic NPs) and two industrial (SiO$_2$ and TiO$_2$) NPs following different short-term and long-term exposure protocols on two physiologically different in vitro models that are able to differentiate: L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line and biomimetic normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells. We show that L6 cells are more sensitive to NP exposure then NPU cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an uptake of NPs into L6 cells but not NPU cells. In L6 cells, we obtained a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation after 24 h. Following continuous exposure, more stable TiO$_2$ and polyacrylic acid (PAA) NPs increased levels of nuclear factor Nrf2 mRNA, suggesting an oxidative damage-associated response. Furthermore, internalized magnetic PAA and TiO$_2$ NPs hindered the differentiation of L6 cells. We propose the use of L6 skeletal muscle cells and NPU cells as a novel approach for assessment of the potential long-term toxicity of relevant NPs that are found in the blood and/or can be secreted into the urine. nanotoxicology in vitro L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line urothelium in vitro differentiation cell signaling ROS nanotoksikologija in vitro L6 mišična celična linija urotelij diferenciacija celična signalizacija ROS true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2022-01-17 12:39:29 2022-01-17 12:39:30 2022-09-13 03:55:21 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2020 0 0 23 str. iss. 20, art. 7545 Vol. 21 Oct. 2020 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 577 1422-0067 10.3390/ijms21207545 32522243 RAZ_Skocaj_Matej_2020.pdf RAZ_Skocaj_Matej_2020.pdf 1 F39A0A927690F3524245A7D78A8669CF cdd70fd6c9bbaa2ba94f93b302af68a4b674f799497bc40ad83ecaedd09b9120 3392ae0d-778a-11ec-abdb-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=152944 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7545 1 f1f57160-7789-11ec-abdb-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=152943 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Medicinska fakulteta 0 0 0