20.500.12556/RUL-131834 Performance evaluation of low-cost multi-frequency GNSS receivers and antennas for displacement detection Low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are currently used in various engineering applications. These low-cost devices are regarded as suitable sensors for applications in areas with a high risk of instrument damage. The main objectives of this research were to identify the size of displacements that can be detected in relative and absolute positioning modes by low-cost GNSS instruments and to compare the results of selected antennas. Additionally, geodetic and low-cost GNSS instruments were compared in the level of observations. For this study, low-cost SimpleRTK2B V1 boards, which house ZED-F9P GNSS chips, and three low-cost antennas, namely, Survey, Tallysman TW3882, and Survey Calibrated, were selected. While antenna calibration parameters are known for the last antenna, this is not the case for the first two. For testing purposes, a geodetic network consisting of four points was established; horizontal and vertical movements were imposed by a special mechanism with high accuracy. In relative positioning mode, the results indicate that the Survey Calibrated antenna can detect horizontal and vertical displacements with sizes of 4 mm, and 6 mm, respectively. In the detection of horizontal displacements, the performance of the Survey antenna was not as good as that of Tallysman, and the sizes of detected displacements were 6 mm and 4 mm for the first, and second antennas, respectively. Vertical displacements of 9 mm were detected using both Survey and Tallysman antennas. In absolute positioning mode, Survey Calibrated also had better performance than the Tallysman antenna, and spatial displacements of 20 mm or greater were detected by low-cost GNSS instruments. The observations made with low-cost and geodetic GNSS instruments were compared, and the latter showed better performance. However, the differences in cycle slips and the noise of phase observations were inferior. Considering their cost and proven performance, it can be concluded that such sensors can be considered for setting up a highly accurate but low-cost geodetic monitoring system. GNSS displacements low-cost receivers low-cost antennas sessions GNSS premiki poceni sprejemniki poceni antene seje true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2021-10-04 12:51:58 2021-10-04 12:52:01 2022-09-10 04:14:05 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2021 0 0 22 str. iss. 14, art. 6666 Vol. 11 2021 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 528 2076-3417 10.3390/app11146666 71156995 RAZ_Hamza_Veton_2021.pdf RAZ_Hamza_Veton_2021.pdf 1 9EBB1634B1BA89DD08BB414E4394F7B9 3b666fc27218dc492b22af4d4c6c9839c16d07c1858171f5ac60c1a63c55ad16 23f79acf-b672-11ec-8aca-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=155454 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6666 1 d0a02a05-2500-11ec-a523-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=149249 Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo 0 0 0