20.500.12556/RUL-129230 Antifouling activity of synthetic alkylpyridinium polymers using the barnacle model Polymeric alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS) isolated from the Mediterranean marine sponge, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai, effectively inhibit barnacle larva settlement and natural marine biofilm formation through a non-toxic and reversible mechanism. Potential use of poly-APS-like compounds as antifouling agents led to the chemical synthesis of monomeric and oligomeric 3-alkylpyridinium analogues. However, these are less efficient in settlement assays and have greater toxicity than the natural polymers. Recently, a new chemical synthesis method enabled the production of poly-APS analogues with antibacterial, antifungal and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities. The present study examines the antifouling properties and toxicity of six of these synthetic poly-APS using the barnacle (Amphibalanus amphitrite) as a model (cyprids and II stage nauplii larvae) in settlement, acute and sub-acute toxicity assays. Two compounds, APS8 and APS12-3, show antifouling effects very similar to natural poly-APS, with an anti-settlement effective concentration that inhibits 50% of the cyprid population settlement (EC$_{50}$) after 24 h of 0.32 mg/L and 0.89 mg/L, respectively. The toxicity of APS8 is negligible, while APS12-3 is three-fold more toxic (24-h LC$_{50}$: nauplii, 11.60 mg/L; cyprids, 61.13 mg/L) than natural poly-APS. This toxicity of APS12-3 towards nauplii is, however, 60-fold and 1200-fold lower than that of the common co-biocides, Zn- and Cu-pyrithione, respectively. Additionally, exposure to APS12-3 for 24 and 48 h inhibits the naupliar swimming ability with respective IC$_{50}$ of 4.83 and 1.86 mg/L. Amphibalanus amphitrite antifouling natural product antifoulants alkylpyridinium polymers Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai barnacle settlement assay toxicity assay swimming inhibition assay true false true Angleški jezik Ni določen Članek v reviji 2021-08-30 14:51:25 2021-08-30 14:51:26 2022-09-08 04:07:23 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2014 0 0 Str. 1959-1976 iss. 4 Vol. 12 2014 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 577.1 1660-3397 10.3390/md12041959 3095119 RAZ_Piazza_Veronica_2014.pdf RAZ_Piazza_Veronica_2014.pdf 1 DD00D14A7CB81A143B9591A06ABADB4D 97d2f82baf6894e80cebb296612df404216b460fab0cf0bb5b754e776a8278b9 081e6e02-0991-11ec-a523-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=146188 http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/12/4/1959 1 c27cd2dc-0990-11ec-a523-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=146187 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0