20.500.12556/RUL-126567 ERIC and WGS typing of Paenibacillus larvae in Slovenia investigation of ERIC I outbreaks Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honeybee brood. Here, we obtained 506 P. larvae isolates originating from honey or brood samples and from different geographic regions of Slovenia in the period 2017–2019. In the first part of the study, we conducted ERIC-PCR typing to assess the frequency of ERIC types in Slovenia. Capillary electrophoresis was used for the analysis of ERIC patterns, revealing good separation efficiency and enabling easy lane-to-lane comparisons. ERIC II was the predominant type (70.2%), followed by ERIC I (29.8%); two slightly altered ERIC I banding patterns were observed but were not considered relevant for the discrimination of ERIC types. No evident spatiotemporal clustering of ERIC types was observed. To assess the clonality of the outbreak-related P. larvae ERIC I isolates, 59 isolates of this type underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) revealed seven ERIC I-ST2 outbreak clusters (≤35 allele differences) with the median intra-outbreak diversity ranging from 7 to 27 allele differences. In all seven clusters, the transmission of P. larvae outbreak clone within a 3-km radius (AFB zone) was observed, which could be explained by the activity of honeybees. In three clusters, the transmission of the outbreak clone between geographically distant apiaries was revealed, which could be explained by the activities of beekeepers such as migratory beekeeping and trading of bee colonies. The present findings reinforce the importance of beekeeping activities in the transmission of P. larvae. WGS should be used as a reference typing method for the detection of P. larvae transmission clusters. Paenibacillus larvae American foulbrood (AFB) ERIC-PCR whole-genome sequencing (WGS) transmission outbreak investigation molecular sequence data genotype true false true Angleški jezik Ni določen Članek v reviji 2021-04-28 11:10:27 2021-04-28 11:10:27 2022-09-06 03:48:15 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2021 0 0 11 str. iss. 4, art. 362 Vol. 12 2021 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 577 2075-4450 10.3390/insects12040362 60749571 RAZ_Zugelj_Alenka_2021.pdf RAZ_Zugelj_Alenka_2021.pdf 1 2080882958F5836609D8D8C8C43143D6 2d2691ebe2c3925e35f000aeb8b38a03b495ea50233eac25f45046064d57cd18 8d8d3b71-9fad-11ec-abdb-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=154419 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/4/362 1 8ffb30f8-a801-11eb-a523-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=142563 Veterinarska fakulteta 0 0 0