20.500.12556/RUL-125699 A thermo-economic and emissions analysis of different sanitary-water heating units embedded within fourth-generation district-heating systems This paper presents the results of a thermo-economic (TE), primary-energy-factor and CO2-equivalent (CO2 (eq)), emissions-sensitivity analysis for the preparation of sanitary hot water (SHW) in fourth-generation district-heating systems. The annual required additional heat for the SHW provided by a local heating unit, based on an air-to-water heat pump (AWHP), a natural-gas boiler (NG boiler), and an electrical resistance heater (ERH), was determined using a trnsys simulation. Additionally, the seasonal performance factor (SPF) of the HP under consideration was determined. The study considered three possible supply temperatures, i.e., 35, 40, and 45 °C. The results show that a local heating unit based on an AWHP is most efficient in terms of the used primary energy (PE) and CO2 (eq) emissions. This unit is also the second best in terms of TE performance. The unit based on a NG boiler is much more appropriate than an ERH unit in terms of both the primary energy factor (PEF) and the CO2 (eq) emission factors for an electricity generation mix (EGM) that has values higher than the average for the EU-28. The heat generated by this NG unit is also cheaper than the heat produced by an ERH based on the average price for electricity in the EU-28. thermo-economic analysis primary energy factor emission analysis district heating simulations heat pumps emissions energy systems analysis heat energy generation natural gas technology fossil fuel combustion termo-ekonomska analiza faktor primarne energije emisijska analiza daljinsko ogrevanje simulacije toplotne črpalke emisije analiza energetskih sistemov proizvodnja toplotne energije tehnologija zemeljskega plina fosilna goriva zgorevanje true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik ASME © Članek v reviji 2021-04-02 11:29:08 2021-04-02 11:29:09 2022-09-05 03:52:08 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2018 0 0 "Permission is granted for the deposit of the Accepted Manuscript of the paper in the University of Ljubljana institutional repository." Str. 122003-1-122003-8 iss. 12 Vol. 140 2018 0000-00-00 PostprintKoncna Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2019-07-23 621.577(045) 0195-0738 10.1115/1.4040102 16164123 RAZ_Poredos_Primoz_2018.pdf RAZ_Poredos_Primoz_2018.pdf 1 0F03C36D1A52322F67F8A36FB9A2965C 5424ac008387ce4d5915e9e7fe09550ab8947a37ed32cffa7dd18ab71d72ed7d c57fbaf3-a1bb-11eb-a523-00155dcfd717 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=141550 http://energyresources.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2685295 1 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=141549 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0