Real-world versus simulated bus driving: a within-driver comparison of visual attentionKofol, Marko (Avtor) Sodnik, Jaka (Mentor) Visual attentionEye trackingDriving simulatorProfessional bus driversWithin-driver comparisonBus-driving simulators are used for training, but whether drivers' visual attention in a simulator matches that in real-world driving must be evaluated for each task and measure. This study estimated how large the paired differences in visual attention between real-world and simulated driving were and how consistent they were across drivers. Six professional city bus drivers, wearing eye-tracking glasses, each drove one route segment in live Ljubljana traffic and, three weeks later, in its digital twin. None of the five focal visual-attention outcomes (forward-scene fixation-time share, mean fixation and saccade duration, fixation and saccade rate) differed significantly between conditions after Holm correction, and on average drivers spent a similar share of fixation time on the forward scene in both conditions. However, the confidence intervals were wide and included differences in both directions, so the results do not show that visual attention was the same in the two conditions. Individual drivers' differences also varied widely, sometimes in opposite directions, even though their rank order stayed broadly similar for four of the five outcomes. Fixation-time shares for object classes such as vehicles and mirrors did not differ significantly either. Every driver rated workload higher in the simulator on the NASA Task Load Index, but this difference was not significant after correction for multiple tests. These findings are limited to the evaluated drivers, route segment, and simulator, and do not establish equivalent visual attention, overall simulator validity, or transfer of training to real-world driving.20262026-11-10 16:05:07Magistrsko delo191017VisID: 38511sl