Smart cages, better welfareKaura, Rohish (Avtor) Hrnčić, Dragan (Avtor) Dervišević, Amela (Avtor) Borbelyova, Veronika (Avtor) Selin Çevik, Özge (Avtor) Heffer, Marija (Avtor) Čater, Maša (Avtor) laboratory animalsautomated behaviour trackingrefinementcontinuous data collectionstressHigh welfare standards for animals used in research is as much an ethical issue as it is a cornerstone of high-quality science. Researchers can improve both animal welfare and data reliability by implementing strategies that reduce stress in experimental animals. One modern and effective approach is to monitor animals within their familiar home-cage environment. Home-cage monitoring (HCM) systems integrate multiple approaches to utomatically, continuously, and non-invasively monitor the physiology and behaviour of laboratory animals within their home environments. HCM favours the animals’ natural rhythms and behaviours while reducing stress from various sources and the need for human intervention. In this article, we explore how HCM contributes to the 3Rs framework introduced by Russell and Burch and focus particularly on how to select the most appropriate HCM system for specific research needs. We discuss available resources and practical limitations for system choice, and provide a brief outlook on the evolving role of artificial intelligence to analyse HCM data. We also discuss the opportunities and barriers to HCM adoption, particularly in relation to countries with developing research structure and limited funding in Europe. Our central message is clear: use of HCM technologies supports 3Rs and promotes both better science and better animal welfare.20252026-01-05 09:26:04Članek v reviji177713sl