Soil fertility is one of the key factors in successful agricultural production, as it directly affects plant growth, crop yield, and the efficient use of nutrients. Maintaining soil fertility requires proper monitoring of its physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as proper fertilization planning. Traditional laboratory soil analyses provide reliable results, but they are often time-consuming and costly; therefore, modern sensor technologies have become increasingly prevalent in recent years. This thesis presents an overview of modern methods for monitoring soil fertility and predicting fertilizer application, with an emphasis on spectroscopic, electrochemical, and geoelectric methods, as well as integrated approaches that combine data from various sensors. The use of these methods plays an important role in precision agriculture, where the use of digital technologies, geographic information systems, and artificial intelligence enables more accurate monitoring of spatial variability in soil and more effective decision-making regarding fertilization. Based on a review of the scientific literature, we have determined that modern methods significantly improve the monitoring of soil fertility, enable more rational use of fertilizers and contribute to greater economic efficiency and sustainable management of agricultural land.
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