Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF) is an innate immunity adaptor protein that activates the transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) downstream of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4, and induces various types of cell death. The production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons enables effective host antibacterial and antiviral defence, as well as stimulation of adaptive immune system, including antitumour immunity. Given its ability to stimulate antitumour immunity, TRIF is a compelling target for cancer immunotherapy. The use of TLR agonists to elicit the immune response is limited, so new synthetic biology-based approaches that utilise components of innate immune proteins and offer spatiotemporal control of signalling pathways are gaining traction. We designed TRIF-based synthetic constructs that would mimic natural signalling complexes of TRIF in cells, i.e. signalosomes. We intended to achieve TRIF oligomerization, essential for IRF3 and NF-κB activation, by utilising low complexity domain (LCD) of TAR DNA- binding protein 43 (TDP43), capable of constitutively forming protein condensates. To make our system inducible, our signalosomes contained two repeats of homooligomerization domain B (dDmrB) that undergoes oligomerization in the presence of a small molecule. In our model system, HEK293 cell line, we demonstrated inducible formation of mainly cytosolic TRIF puncta upon addition of AP20187 dimeriser, regardless of the order of protein domains in synthetic signalosomes. Oligomerisation of dDmrB alone was insufficient to enable the formation of protein condensates without the presence of LCD. We also showed inducible activation of NF-κB and IRF3 after introduction of synthetic signalosomes into the cells. Additionally, to prepare signalosomes capable of predominantly activating IRF3, the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases (RIP) homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) was removed. Shorter constructs inducibly activated IRF3, but to a much lower extent than those containing RHIM, presumably due to the loss of a stable signalling framework formed by RHIM. We expressed synthetic signalosomes in the cancer cell line, HeLa, as well and detected IRF3 activation. In the scope of this master thesis, we successfully prepared functional inducible TRIF-based synthetic signalosomes with potential for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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