Povezanost načina poroda s črevesno mikrobioto in pojavom alergije na hrano pri otrocih v prvem letu življenja : diplomsko delo

Urbanc, Špela (avtor), Stanek Zidarič, Tita (mentor), Vičič, Vid (recenzent)

Uvod: V zadnjih desetletjih se beleži porast alergijskih obolenj pri otrocih, kot tudi porast deleža porodov zaključenih s carskim rezom. Način poroda je povezan s spremembami v črevesni mikrobioti novorojenčka in dojenčka. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pomočjo pregleda znanstvene literature raziskati, kako način poroda vpliva na sestavo črevesne mikrobiote pri otrocih v prvem letu življenja, ter pridobiti vpogled v morebitno povezavo med načinom poroda in tveganjem za pojav alergije na hrano pri otrocih v tem obdobju. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu je uporabljena opisna raziskovalna metoda dela s pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature. Iskanje je potekalo med marcem in junijem 2025 v spletnih podatkovnih bazah Science Direct, PubMed in Cobiss. Potek iskanja je prikazan v PRISMA diagramu. Uporabljeni so bili rezultati v angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: V končni pregled smo vključili dvanajst raziskav. Rezultati kažejo na pomembne razlike v črevesni mikrobioti otrok rojenih vaginalno, v primerjavi z otroci rojenimi s carskim rezom. Pri dojenčki rojenih s carskim rezom so zaznali pomembno znižano število bakterij rodov Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus in Bacteroides in povišano številko rodov bakterij Enterococcus, Corynebacterium in Clostridium, predvsem v prvem letu življenja. Dojenčki, rojeni vaginalno, so med porodom izpostavljeni materini vaginalni in črevesni mikrobioti, kar omogoča zgodnjo kolonizacijo s koristnimi bakterijami, kot so Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. in Bacteroides spp. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati potrjujejo pomemben vpliv načina poroda pri vzpostavljanju raznolike in uravnotežene mikrobiote. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je pri otrocih, rojenih s carskim rezom, prisotna zmanjšana pestrost mikrobiote, zlasti znižana prisotnost bakterij rodu Bacteroides in Bifidobacterium, kar lahko vpliva na delovanje imunskega sistema. Rezultati kažejo tudi na povečano tveganje za razvoj alergije na hrano pri otrocih rojenih s carskim rezom, čeprav vsi raziskovalni izsledki niso enotni, saj nanje vplivajo številni dejavniki, kot so genetska predispozicija, način hranjenja in okoljski dejavniki.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: diplomska dela, babištvo, alergija na hrano, način poroda, carski rez, vaginalni porod, črevesna mikrobiota
• Vrsta gradiva: Diplomsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.11 - Diplomsko delo
• Organizacija: ZF - Zdravstvena fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: [Š. Urbanc]
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: VIII, 46 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-181316
• UDK: 618.2/.7
• COBISS.SI-ID: 273799939
• Datum objave v RUL: 01.04.2026

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Association between mode of delivery, gut microbiota, and the development of food allergy in children during the first year of life : diploma work

Izvleček

Introduction: In recent decades, an increase in allergic diseases among children has been observed, as well as a growing proportion of births completed by cesarean section. The mode of delivery is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota of newborns and infants. Purpose: The aim of this thesis was to examine, through a review of scientific literature, how the mode of delivery influences the composition of the intestinal microbiota in children during the first year of life, and to explore a potential association between the mode of delivery and the risk of developing food allergies in this period. Methods: A descriptive research method was used, based on a review of professional and scientific literature. The search was conducted between March and June 2025 in the online databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, and COBISS. The search process is presented in a PRISMA diagram. Only studies published in English were included. Results: Twelve studies were included in the final review. The results show significant differences in the intestinal microbiota between vaginally delivered and cesarean-born infants. Infants born by cesarean section exhibited notably lower levels of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides and higher levels of Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium, particularly during the first year of life. Vaginally delivered infants are exposed to their mother’s vaginal and intestinal microbiota during birth, allowing early colonization by beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Bacteroides spp. Discussion and conclusion: The findings highlight the important role of the mode of delivery in establishing a diverse and balanced intestinal microbiota. A reduced microbial diversity was observed in cesarean-born infants, particularly a decreased abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, which may influence immune system development. The results also indicate an increased risk of food allergy among children born by cesarean section, although the findings are not entirely consistent, as multiple factors—such as genetic predisposition, feeding practices, and environmental influences—may contribute to the outcome.

• Ključne besede: diploma theses, midwifery, food allergy, mode of delivery, vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery, gut microbiota