This doctoral dissertation focuses on the development and evaluation of nanofibers containing probiotic bacteria (also termed live therapeutic bacteria). Due to the fact that mainaining bacterial viability represents a major technological challenge, our work largely focuses on the possibility of improving bacterial survival in nanofibers with the use of appropriate excipients – stabilizers. We show here that the efficacy of diferent stabilizers depends on the stabilizer itself, bacterial species being stabilized and the phase of action (during electrospinning or during storage). All this necessitates strain-specific selection of stabilizers. The use of crystallization-prone stabilizers can be problematic due to their amorphization during electrospinning and subsequent crystallization during storage. This instability is further demonstrated in a placebo nanofiber study, showing that it alters nanofiber morphology and that stabilizer amorphization during electrospinning and its later crystallization depend on stabilizer type and proportion. We also investigate the potential to enhance vaginal Lactobacillus colonization through encapsulation in nanofibers using simplified in vitro mucosal models. We show that incorporation into poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers under static conditions promotes adherent biomass formation by poor biofilm-forming strains. We further demonstrate the enhancement of the positive effect on biomass formation by a model poor biofilm-former by the addition of the growth-promoting polymer alginate. These effects are also evident under dynamic flow conditions, where entrapment of bacteria in the hydrated, swollen nanofiber membrane enables prolonged surface retention and microcolony formation. The same PEO/alginate system also enables sustained release of spores of two model Bacillus strains. For these strains, we confirm their probiotic potential for periodontal disease treatment through genotyping and in vitro tests proving their antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. This dissertation makes a significant contribution to the field of probiotic-loaded nanofibers, with a focus on strain characterization, formulation strategies for improved bacterial survival, and understanding bacterial release and biomass formation dynamics.
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