Safety of LNG-fuelled cruise ships in comparative risk assessment

Čapalija, Elvis (avtor), Vidmar, Peter (avtor), Perkovič, Marko (avtor)

Although liquefied natural gas (LNG) is already widely used as a marine fuel, its use on large cruise ships is a relatively new development. By the end of 2024, twenty-four LNG-fuelled cruise ships were in operation, each carrying several thousand passengers and making frequent port calls. These operational characteristics increase the potential risks compared to conventional cargo ships and require a rigorous safety assessment. In this study, the safety of LNG-fuelled cruise ships is assessed using the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) framework prescribed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The assessment includes a hazard identification (HAZID), a risk analysis, an evaluation of risk control options, a cost–benefit analysis and recommendations for decision-making. Given the limited operational data on LNG-fuelled cruise ships, event trees are developed on the basis of LNG tanker incidents, adjusted to reflect passenger-related risks and cruise-specific operating conditions. A statistical overview of marine casualties involving cruise ships and LNG carriers of more than 20,000 GT over the last 35 years provides a further basis for the analysis. To ensure compliance, the study also analyses class requirements and regulatory frameworks, including risk assessments for ship design, bunker operations and emergency preparedness. These assessments, which are carried out at component, ship and process level, remain essential for safety validation and regulatory approval. The results provide a comprehensive framework for assessing LNG safety in the cruise sector by combining existing safety data, regulatory standards and probabilistic risk modelling. Recent work also confirms that event tree modelling identifies critical accident escalation pathways, particularly in scenarios involving passenger evacuation and port operations, which are under-researched in current practice. The results contribute to the wider debate on alternative fuels and support evidence-based decision-making by ship operators, regulators and industry stakeholders.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: maritime transport, liquefied natural gas, cruise ships, accident analysis, event trees, LNG, risk assessment, safety
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FPP - Fakulteta za pomorstvo in promet
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: 30 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 13, iss.10, art. 1896
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-176307
• UDK: 656.6
• ISSN pri članku: 2077-1312
• DOI: 10.3390/jmse13101896
• COBISS.SI-ID: 251678979
• Datum objave v RUL: 27.11.2025

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Journal of marine science and engineering
• Skrajšan naslov: J. mar. sci. eng.
• Založnik: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
• ISSN: 2077-1312
• COBISS.SI-ID: 523219993

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: pomorski promet, utekočinjen zemeljski plin, križarke, analize nesreč, modeliranje dreves dogodkov

Projekti

• Financer: ARRS - Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: P2-0394
• Naslov: Modeliranje in simulacije v prometu in pomorstvu

• Financer: ARRS - Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: L7-60164
• Naslov: Trajnostni in digitalni okvir za varnost in zaščito v pristaniščih