Vpliv elektronapajalne postaje železnic na harmonsko popačenje omrežja

Klinc, Jaka (avtor), Herman, Leopold (mentor)

Elektronapajalne postaje (v nadaljevanju ENP) železnic so zaradi uporabe močnostnih pretvornikov in drugih nelinearnih elementov pomemben vir harmonskih motenj v elektroenergetskem omrežju. Namen zaključnega dela je bil izvesti meritve kakovosti električne energije v ENP Logatec na eni izmed dveh usmerniških skupin, s poudarkom na harmonskem popačenju, ter oceniti njen vpliv na popačenje omrežja. V teoretičnem delu sem najprej predstavil pregled standardov, ki v slovenskem omrežju določajo mejne vrednosti in omejujejo harmonsko popačenje. Nato sem podal splošen opis kakovosti električne energije s poudarkom na harmonskih motnjah, kjer sem opredelil glavne vire, kazalnike, mehanizme nastanka, posledice za obratovanje ter ukrepe za omejevanje. Podrobneje sem opisal potek meritev in merilno mesto, ter zapisal ključne rezultate. V nadaljevanju sem pojasnil delovanje elektronapajalne postaje, njen namen in zgradbo, podrobneje pa sem obravnaval usmerniško skupino, ki predstavlja glavni vir opazovanega popačenja. Na podlagi izmerjenih rezultatov sem s programom DIgSILENT PowerFactory izdelal numerični model postaje in z njim simuliral njen vpliv na omrežje pri različnih obratovalnih pogojih. Z modelom sem ovrednotil stopnjo popačenja in ugotovil, da je prispevek ene usmerniške skupine sorazmerno nizek, hkrati pa sem predlagal tehnične rešitve za njegovo dodatno zmanjšanje. Med drugim sem predlagal pasivne in aktivne filtre, reaktorje oziroma gladilne dušilke, ustreznejšo izbiro transformatorja, ter kot glavno izboljšavo prehod na večpulzne usmernike. Na koncu poudarjam, da analiza zajema le prispevek izbrane usmerniške skupine in ne celotne elektronapajalne postaje. Za celovito primerjavo z zakonodajo, standardi in določenimi mejnimi vrednostmi, je potrebno ovrednotiti popačenje celotne napajalne postaje. Ta primerjava je zelo pomembna za pravilno in varno delovanje elektroenergetskega omrežja.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: elektronapajalna postaja, kakovost energije, harmonsko popačenje, železnice
• Vrsta gradiva: Diplomsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.11 - Diplomsko delo
• Organizacija: FE - Fakulteta za elektrotehniko
• Leto izida: 2025
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-171730
• COBISS.SI-ID: 263412483
• Datum objave v RUL: 01.09.2025

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Impact of the Railways Converter Substation on Power System Harmonic Distortion

Izvleček

Railway converter substations (hereinafter referred to as ENP) are a significant source of harmonic disturbances in the power grid due to the use of power converters and other non-linear elements. The purpose of this thesis was to measure the quality of electrical energy at the Logatec ENP on one of two rectifier groups, with an emphasis on harmonic distortion, and to assess its impact on network distortion. In the theoretical part, I first presented an overview of the standards that define limit values and restrict harmonic distortion in the Slovenian grid. Then, I gave a general description of power quality with a focus on harmonic disturbances, where I defined the main sources, indicators, mechanisms of occurrence, consequences for operation, and measures for limitation. I described the measurement process and the measurement location in more detail and recorded the key results. I then explained the operation of the railway converter substation, its purpose and structure, and discussed in more detail the rectifier group, which is the main source of the observed distortion. Based on the measured results, I used the DIgSILENT PowerFactory program to create a numerical model of the station and simulate its impact on the network under various operating conditions. I used the model to evaluate the degree of distortion and found that the contribution of one rectifier group is relatively low, while also proposing technical solutions for its further reduction. Among other things, I proposed passive and active filters, reactors or smoothing chokes, a more appropriate choice of transformer, and, as the main improvement, a transition to multi-pulse rectifiers. Finally, I would like to emphasize that the analysis covers only the contribution of the selected rectifier group and not the entire railway converter substation. For a comprehensive comparison with legislation, standards, and specific limit values, it is necessary to evaluate the distortion of the entire station. This comparison is very important for the proper and safe operation of the power grid.

• Ključne besede: railway converter substations, power quality, harmonic distortion, railways