Background: An unexplained stillbirth is defined as a stillbirth without a clear cause despite all thorough investigations and analyses. According to data from the literature, between 25-60 % of stillbirth cases remain unexplained.
Genetic causes are responsible for a certain proportion of stillbirths. After a systematic review of the literature, we concluded that so far there are only 9 published studies describing genetic approaches to the treatment of unexplained stillbirth. Some pathogenic variants of genes associated with heart diseases (cardiomyopathies, channelopathies) are responsible for individual cases of stillbirth. The aim of our research was to clarify the causes of a greater proportion of cases of unexplained stillbirths using molecular karyotyping, exome sequencing and the trio exome approach. At the same time, we wanted to perfect the clinical path of dealing with stillbirth and thereby improve clinical counseling for couples after the birth of a stillborn fetus.
Methods: Our study group included 55 cases of unexplained stillbirth that met the inclusion criteria (healthy women with a singleton pregnancy without complications). Molecular karyotyping was performed on all 55 cases, and trio exome analysis on 19 cases.
Results: Molecular karyotyping revealed 1 pathogenic variant that was not associated with stillbirth and 26 variants of unclear significance, none of which confirmed an association with unexplained stillbirth. Using exome sequencing, we identified 15 variants previously reported in articles on sudden unexplained stillbirths, cardiomyopathies and/or heart rhythm disorders. The mentioned variants represent interesting candidate genes for stillbirth and thus for further genetic analysis. All detected variants were classified as VUS according to the new ACMG guidelines. None of the detected variants arose de novo in fetus.
Conclusions: In our study, neither molecular karyotyping nor exome sequencing and the trio exome approach revealed a clear cause for our analyzed cases of unexplained stillbirth. Nonetheless, we identified some interesting variants of unclear significance that are clinically relevant in stillbirth analysis but would require more extensive analyses. With our research, we supplemented and created the algorithm for dealing with stillbirths and based on this we will be able to offer couples who have suffered unexplained stillbirths the option of trio exome testing of panels for cardiomyopathies, channelopathies and sudden death in young people.
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