Povezanost čustvenih dejavnikov s fizično prekinitvijo zlorabljajočega partnerskega odnosa pri ženskah : doktorska disertacija

Kranjc, Sanja (avtor), Cvetek, Mateja (mentor)

Ženske z izkušnjo nasilnega partnerskega odnosa v njih ostajajo zaradi različnih razlogov. Odločitev za odhod in izpeljava celotnega procesa odhoda sta povezani z mnogimi dejavniki. Z raziskavo smo želeli ugotoviti, v katerih čustvenih dejavnikih se razlikujejo ženske, ki so trenutno v nasilnem partnerskem odnosu, v primerjavi z ženskami, ki so imele izkušnjo nasilnega partnerskega odnosa, a so proces odhoda že izvedle in so trenutno vsaj eno leto v odnosu brez nasilja. V kvantitativnem delu raziskave smo uporabili vprašalnike za merjenje nasilnega vedenja v partnerskem odnosu (ang. Domestic Violence Questionnaire), za merjenje splošne kakovosti življenja žensk smo uporabili podlestvico vprašalnika sprememb v sistemski terapiji (angl. Systemic Therapy Inventory of Change), osrednje dimenzije navezanosti pri ženskah smo merili s pomočjo vprašalnika stilov navezanosti (ang. Attachment Style Measure), čustvene kompetence pri ženskah smo merili s pomočjo sedmih podlestvic vprašalnika Čustvenih kompetenc, stopnjo odpuščanja pa smo merili s tremi kratkimi vprašalniki (Heartlandova lestvico odpuščanja, lestvico razumskega odpuščanja, lestvico čustvenega odpuščanja). Vprašalnike je izpolnilo 308 žensk, a smo glede na kriterije vključitve v raziskavo lahko v končno analizo vključili le 281 žensk (129 žensk, ki so trenutno v odnosu brez nasilja vsaj eno leto in je od odhoda iz nasilnega odnosa preteklo več kot leto, in 152 žensk, ki so trenutno v odnosu, v katerem je vsaj en znak nasilja, vsaj eno leto). Analizo rezultatov smo naredili v programu SPSS, s pomočjo katerega smo izračunali povprečne vrednosti, standardne odklone, minimalne in maksimalne vrednosti ter mediano seštevkov na lestvicah vprašalnika nasilnega vedenja v partnerskem odnosu, vprašalnika čustvenih kompetenc, vprašalnika problemov in moči, vprašalnika navezanosti in vprašalnikov o odpuščanju. Uporabili smo Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in Shapiro-Wilkov test normalnosti porazdelitve podatkov ter Mann-Whitneyev test, s katerim smo preverjali vse statistično pomembne razlike v posameznih spremenljivkah pri ženskah, ki so zapustile zlorabljajoč odnos, v primerjavi s tistimi, ki tega še niso uspele storiti. Testi so pokazali, da se skupini žensk po stopnji nasilja med seboj nista razlikovali. To je potrdilo naše domneve, da ostajanje v zlorabljajočem odnosu ni odvisno samo od frekvence nasilja, ampak tudi od notranjepsihičnih dejavnikov. V naši raziskavi se je izkazalo, da tudi od stopnje razvitih čustvenih kompetenc ter stopnje odpuščanja. Raziskava je pokazala, da se ženske statistično pomembno razlikujejo v petih čustvenih kompetencah: čustveno vključevanje in povezovanje z drugimi, dvosmerne, namerne čustvene interakcije, vzajemno socialno reševanje problemov, kreiranje zamisli in simbolov ter stabiliziranje ločenega občutja samega sebe. Ženske, ki so trenutno v odnosu brez nasilja, imajo teh pet kompetenc bolje razvitih. Skupini žensk sta se razlikovali tudi v prosocialnih namerah in odpuščanju sebi. Ženske, ki so trenutno v odnosu z nasiljem, ocenjujejo prosocialne namere višje, medtem ko ženske v odnosu brez nasilja lažje odpuščajo sebi v primerjavi z ženskami, ki ostajajo v nasilnem razmerju. Predvideva se, da bi krepitev kompetenc čustveno vključevanje in povezovanje z drugimi, dvosmerne, namerne čustvene interakcije, vzajemno socialno reševanje problemov, kreiranje zamisli in simbolov ter stabiliziranje ločenega občutja samega sebe, odpuščanje sebi in fokus na sebi, pospešila odhod žensk iz nasilnega partnerskega odnosa. V kvalitativnem delu raziskave smo želeli izpostaviti značilnosti, pri katerih se skupini žensk med seboj pomembno razlikujeta, in sicer na področjih doživljanja sebe, doživljanja odnosa s svojim partnerjem, prevladujočega čustvenega doživljanja, motivov za vztrajanje v odnosu oz. za prekinitev odnosa ter splošne kakovosti življenja. Kvalitativne podatke, zbrane s pomočjo intervjujev z ženskami, ki so prekinile zlorabljajoč partnerski odnos, in tistimi, ki v zlorabljajočem odnosu ostajajo, smo analizirali s pomočjo raziskovalne metodologije analize vsebine. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 32 žensk (16 žensk, ki so trenutno v odnosu z nasiljem vsaj eno leto (skupina B) in 16 žensk (skupina A), ki so trenutno v odnosu brez nasilja vsaj eno leto, a so imele izkušnjo nasilja v prejšnjem odnosu, od katerega je minilo vsaj eno leto). Intervjuje smo kodirali s pomočjo programa QDA miner lite. Rezultati analize vsebine so pokazali, da se ženske iz skupine A in skupine B razlikujejo v doživljanju sebe, v doživljanju odnosa z nasilnim partnerjem, prevladujočih čustvih, splošni kakovosti življenja in motivih za vztrajanje oz. odhod iz zlorabljajočega partnerskega odnosa v vseh obdobjih, ki smo jih raziskovali. Največje razlike v doživljanju so se pokazale v dveh ključnih fazah procesa odhoda. V fazi reševanja so ženske, ki so trenutno v odnosu brez nasilja, pogosteje izražale pomembnost osredotočanja nase in na svoje želje. V fazi, ko ženska ugotovi, da je odnos nerešljiv, pa so ženske, ki so trenutno v odnosu z nasiljem, najmočneje doživljale sram pred okolico. V tej fazi bi bilo treba krepiti vse čustvene kompetence, ki so se izkazale kot statistično pomembne v kvantitativni raziskavi. Obdobje, ko ni nasilja (faza medenih tednov), je naslednje obdobje, kjer so bile temeljne razlike med skupinama, predvsem v zaznavanju telesnih senzacij. Ženske, ki so odhod dokončno izpeljale, so čutile več strahu in neprijetnih telesnih senzacij kot tiste, ki še vedno ostajajo v nasilnem odnosu. To nakazuje, da se odhod verjetno ne bo zgodil, dokler ženske v fazi medenih tednov ne pridejo v stik s svojim strahom. V fazi odhoda sta prisotnost čustev veselja in prezira do partnerja ter prenehanje odpuščanja partnerju ključni pokazatelji, da bo odhod dokončno izpeljan in ne zgolj ponovni poskus. To so pomembni signali, na katere mora terapevt biti pozoren. Predvidevamo, da bo naslavljanje tem, ki so se v analizi vsebine izkazale za pomembne, med terapijo pospešilo proces odhoda in premikanje žensk med fazami tega procesa. To hipotezo bi bilo smiselno preveriti z nadaljnjim raziskovanjem.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: psihično nasilje, fizično nasilje, nasilno partnersko razmerje, ženske, čustvene kompetence, odpuščanje, transteoretični model procesa odhoda
• Vrsta gradiva: Doktorsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
• Organizacija: TEOF - Teološka fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: [S. Kranjc]
• Leto izida: 2024
• Št. strani: XIII, 368, CCXXV str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-166156
• UDK: 159.942:364.632(043.3)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 222385155
• Datum objave v RUL: 21.12.2024

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Correlation between emotional factors and the physical termination of the abusive partner relationship in women

Izvleček

Women who have experienced abusive relationships persists in them for a variety of reasons. The decision to leave and the implementation of the entire departure process are related to many factors. With the research, we wanted to find out which emotional factors are used by women who are currently in a violent partner relationship, compared to women who had the experience of a violent partner relationship, but have already completed the process of leaving and are currently in a relationship without violence for at least one year. In the quantitative part of the research, we used questionnaires to measure violent behavior in a partner relationship (Domestic Violence Questionnaire), to measure the general quality of life of women, we used the subscale of the Systemic Therapy Inventory of Change, the mean dimensions of attachment in women's were measured using the Attachment Style Measure, emotional competence in women was measured using the seven subscales of the Emotional Competence questionnaire, and forgiveness was measured with three short questionnaires (Heartland forgiveness scale, rational forgiveness scale, emotional forgiveness scale). We used the Kolmogorov-Smirn test and the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test to test for any statistically significant differences in individual variables between women who had left an abusive relationship versus those who had not. The tests showed that the groups of women did not differ from each other in terms of the level of violence. This confirmed our assumptions that staying in an abusive relationship depends not only on the frequency of violence, but also on internal psychological factors. In our research, it turned out that even from the level of developed emotional competences and the level of forgiveness. The research showed that women differ statistically significantly in five emotional competencies: emotional integration and connection with others, two-way, intentional emotional interactions, mutual social problem solving, creation of ideas and symbols, and stabilization of a separate sense of self. Women who are currently in a relationship without violence have these five competencies better developed. The two groups of women also differed in prosocial intentions and self-forgiveness. Women who are currently in a relationship with violence, rate prosocial intentions higher, while women who are currently in a relationship without violence forgive themselves more easily than women who are currently in a relationship with violence. It is assumed that strengthening the competences of emotional inclusion and connection with others, two-way, intentional emotional interactions, mutual social problem solving, creation of ideas and symbols and stabilization of a separate sense of self, self-forgiveness and self-focus, would accelerate the departure of women from violent partner relationships. In the qualitative part of the research, we wanted to highlight the characteristics in which the two groups of women differ significantly from each other, namely in the areas of experiencing oneself, experiencing the relationship with one's partner, dominant emotional experience, motives for persisting in the relationship or for the termination of the relationship and the general quality of life. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with women who ended an abusive partner relationship and those who remain in an abusive relationship and analyzed using the research methodology of content analysis. 32 women were included in the research (16 women who are currently in a relationship with violence for at least one year and 16 women who are currently in a relationship without violence for at least one year, but had an experience of violence in a previous relationship, of which at least one year had passed). The interviews were coded using the QDA miner lite program. The results of the content analysis showed that women differ in their experience of themselves, in their experience of the relationship with an abusive partner, dominant emotions, general quality of life and motives for persistence or leaving an abusive partner relationship, in all the periods we researched. The fundamental phases in the process of leaving, where there were the most differences in experience, are the rescue phase, where the women's focus on themselves and their wishes was especially important, which was more often expressed by women who were currently in a non-violent relationship, the phase, when a woman realizes that the relationship is unsolvable, in which shame in front of the environment appeared most strongly among women who are currently in a relationship with violence. In this phase, it would be necessary to strengthen all the emotional competences that proved to be statistically significant in the quantitative research. The period when there is no violence (honeymoon phase) is the next period where there were fundamental differences between the groups, especially in the perception of bodily sensations. Women who have completed leaving felt more fear and unpleasant sensations than women who are currently in an abusive relationship, which may be a warning to the therapist that leaving will not happen until the women come into contact with this unpleasant sensations in the honeymoon phase, and the phase of departure, where the presence of feelings of joy and contempt towards the partner, and the cessation of forgiving the partner are indicators that the departure will be fully accomplished and that it will not be just an attempt to leave. It is assumed that addressing topics that have proven to be important within the content analysis during therapy will speed up the process of leaving or moving women from stage to stage of the departure process, which would need to be verified with further research.

• Ključne besede: psychological violence, Physical violence, violent partner relationship, emotional competence, forgiving, transtheoretical model of the leaving process