This graduate thesis focuses on exploring and uncovering a unique form of dialogue between scientific and literary discourse in Balzac's Human Comedy, emergent within the specific socio-cultural space of early and mid-19th century France. Examining the broader factors of scientific and social development, which marked the 18th and 19th century's gradual consolidation of scientific culture and the possibilities of its integration with art (literature), reveals the constituent elements of Balzac's literary-scientific project in which he aspired to portray, analyse and critically examine the current state of both the social world and human nature. Influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment and Romanticism, Balzac based his endeavours on natural sciences, specifically natural history and biology, whose focus on both taxonomy and naturalized investigation of man as a member of the animal kingdom proved to be crucial for the purpose of his work. Accordingly, it is possible to trace the organizational-methodological principles and findings of natural history and biology on two levels of the Human Comedy, in the scientific-literary formation of its two structures: (i) the "external" structure, which characterizes Balzac's taxonomically conceived inventory of the entire series; and (ii) the “internal” structure as a composition of characters or “social species”, modeled on zoological species, their similarities and distinctions. The first structure reveals a certain tension between, among other things, Balzac's encyclopedic pretensions, the pursuit of the system, its simultaneous dissolution, and the potential limitations of science which are surpassed through art; the features of the second structure show the possibilities and limitations of applying scientific knowledge and methodology – typically reserved for the study of zoological species and/or humans – to the field of literary confrontation with the fundamental question of the relationship between man and animal or humanity and animality. This relationship outlines a space of discovering and highlighting the essential determinants of man as a social being, which, as Balzac is trying to show, reveal the paradox of human existence, embedded in capitalistic social reality.
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